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Additionally, fatty acid double bonds can either be cis or trans, creating many different types of fatty acids. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains of differing lengths with various degrees of saturation that end with carboxylic acid groups. Although the enzymes responsible for constructing the ladder-like structure remain unknown, our study, for the first time, supports the hypothesis that biosynthetic intermediates connected to AmxACP are processed by SAM-dependent enzymes, which are not typically involved in the FASII system, to produce the ladder-like structure of ladderane lipids in anammox bacteria.Ĭenter for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.Fats and oils are esters made up of glycerol (a 3-carbon sugar alcohol/polyol) and 3 fatty acids.

Structural comparisons with homologous SAM-dependent C -methyltransferases in polyketide synthase, AmxACP pull-down assays, AmxACP/AmxMT1 complex structure predictions by AlphaFold, and a substrate docking simulation suggested that a small compound connected to AmxACP could be inserted into the pocket of AmxMT1, and then the enzyme transfers a methyl group from SAM to the substrate to produce branched lipids. Here, we report the crystal structure of a SAM-dependent methyltransferase from anammox bacteria (AmxMT1) that has a substrate and active site pocket between a class I SAM methyltransferase-like core domain and an additional α-helix inserted into the core domain. Although enzymes encoded in type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) gene clusters in anammox bacteria, such as S -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent enzymes, have been proposed to construct a ladder-like structure using a substrate connected to acyl carrier protein from anammox bacteria (AmxACP), no experimental evidence to support this hypothesis was reported to date. Ladderane lipids (found in the membranes of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria) have unique ladder-like hydrophobic groups, and their highly strained exotic structure has attracted the attention of scientists. Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Access.Citation, Usage, Privacy Policies, Logo.Biologically Interesting Molecule Reference Dictionary (BIRD).